Sources and original illustrations

Primary references and the limits of this educational collection.

Primary references

• Open University: Getting started with Chinese 1 — Beginner greetings, pronouns, pinyin, tones and numbers.
• Open University: Beginners’ Chinese taster course — Scripts, word formation, introductions, nationalities and telephone numbers.
• Open University: Getting started with Chinese 2 — Everyday activities, sentence order, time expressions, questions and choices.
• Open University: Time expressions — Placing time expressions before the verb in beginner sentences.
• Open University: Asking questions with what and where — Question words in their corresponding statement positions.
• Open University: Location, location, location — Using location phrases in simple descriptions of activities.
• Open University: Typing Chinese characters — Pinyin input and the need to select the intended character candidate.
• Open University: Choice questions — Asking alternatives with haishi.
• MIT OpenCourseWare: Chinese I, Fall 2014 — Integrated pronunciation, basic characters and practical everyday conversation; communicative practice.
• Open University: Beginners’ Chinese audio collection — Beginner conversation topics including directions, buying things, restaurant orders and invitations.

Original visual material

The diagrams in this edition are original SVG illustrations explaining the sequence or decisions in each guide. They do not show a laboratory experiment, a personal trip or a tested product result. No photographs from the linked sources are reproduced.

Check the source in context

References were consulted during preparation of this edition. A source may cover a broader or narrower question than a particular guide; the support notes above explain why it is listed. Read the original for methodology, exceptions and updates.